Compare ways to access private equity by strategy, diversification, liquidity, valuation frequency, fees and investor eligibility.
Private-equity investments are higher risk and can be difficult to sell. Values are often based on periodic private-company valuations rather than daily market prices.
Past performance and historic IRRs are not reliable indicators of future returns.
Last checked: 10 Aug 2026
Capital at risk
You could lose some or all of your investment.
Illiquid assets
Underlying private-company investments may take years to realise.
Valuations are periodic
Private-company valuations are usually updated less frequently than listed-market prices.
Access varies
Some routes are available to ordinary retail investors; others may require advice or investor eligibility.
Compare vehicles
Compare private-equity vehicles
Compare listed private-equity vehicles and other access routes by strategy, diversification, liquidity, valuation frequency, fees and investor eligibility.
Routes differ by liquidity, eligibility and fees. We do not rank access routes.
Listed private-equity trusts
Bought through a stockbroker or investment platform like ordinary listed shares.
LTAFs
Long-term funds designed to provide broader access to illiquid/private assets, usually with periodic rather than daily redemption.
Specialist private-market platforms
Can provide access to individual private-equity funds but may impose higher minimums and investor-eligibility requirements.
Wealth managers / advisers
Can provide access to specialist funds or LTAFs following suitability and eligibility checks.
Access routes are not ranked. Liquidity, eligibility and fees differ by structure — listed share trading does not make underlying private assets liquid.
Listed shares vs private assets
You are buying a liquid share in a company or trust that owns illiquid investments.
Listed share
Price
Changes throughout the trading day
Liquidity
Can normally be traded during market hours
Private-asset portfolio
Valuation
Updated periodically
Liquidity
Underlying companies may take years to sell
What is a private-equity discount to NAV?
A discount can create an apparent valuation opportunity, but it can persist or widen.
NAV per share
£10.00
Market share price
£7.50
Discount
25%
NAV valuations themselves may lag current market conditions
Private-company valuations involve judgement
Currency movements affect NAV
Share-price sentiment can move independently
Buying at a discount does not mean the discount must close.
Liquidity differs by access route
Listed investment trust
Market liquidity available but share price can diverge from NAV.
LTAF / semi-liquid fund
Periodic withdrawals, potentially subject to notice periods or gates.
Traditional draw-down fund
Capital may be committed for 10 years or more.
Secondary market
A fund interest might be sold, often with pricing uncertainty.
Never assume an investment can be sold at its latest stated NAV.
Private-equity strategies
Buyout
Managers acquire established businesses, often taking controlling stakes.
Growth equity
Capital is provided to established private companies seeking expansion.
Venture capital
Investment in earlier-stage businesses with higher company-failure risk.
Secondary private equity
Existing private-equity fund interests or company stakes are bought from other investors.
Co-investments
Investors participate alongside a private-equity manager in individual transactions.
Fund of funds
A portfolio invests across multiple private-equity managers or funds.
Strategy has a major effect on leverage, company maturity, diversification, fees and holding period.
How diversified is the exposure?
Consumers should compare number of managers, underlying funds, companies, geography, strategy, sector, vintage year and concentration in largest holdings.
A portfolio with hundreds of underlying companies can still be concentrated by manager, strategy or geography.
Concentration risk
Do not compare a diversified multi-manager trust and a company heavily concentrated in one major holding using the same diversification label. Check portfolio notes and largest holdings carefully.
Why private-equity valuations can look stale
Private businesses do not have continuous stock-market prices. NAV can therefore be based on manager valuations, comparable company multiples, recent funding rounds, discounted cash flows and latest underlying fund reports.
An investment trust's share price may react to new information before its reported NAV does.
Leverage and unfunded commitments
Private-equity vehicles may use borrowing, revolving credit facilities, commitments to underlying funds and capital calls.
Commitments can create future funding obligations even when capital has not yet been drawn. A large commitment is not automatically financial distress.
Fee layers to compare
Vehicle cost
Management / administration costs at the listed trust or fund level.
Underlying fund fees
Private-equity fund management charges inside the portfolio.
Performance / carried interest
Potential share of profits paid to managers.
Platform / adviser fees
Costs charged by the route used to access the investment.
Dealing costs
Relevant to listed vehicles bought through brokers or platforms.
Do not treat a single annual fee as though all private-equity routes have identical charging structures.
Key private-equity risks
Capital loss
You could lose some or all of your investment.
Illiquidity
Underlying private-company investments may take years to realise.
Valuation uncertainty
NAV can depend on models, assumptions and judgement.
Discount to NAV
Listed vehicles can trade at a persistent or widening discount.
Leverage
Debt and commitments can magnify losses.
Concentration
Large positions in one company, manager or strategy can dominate outcomes.
Manager risk
Outcomes depend heavily on manager selection and execution.
Currency risk
Overseas private assets can move with exchange rates.
Economic / exit risk
Realisation can take longer or occur at lower values than expected.
Commitment risk
Unfunded commitments can create future funding obligations.
Private equity is not automatically less volatile just because valuations are updated less frequently.
Who might consider private equity?
Educational only — not advice.
May be worth exploring if
· You understand private-company investing
· You have a long time horizon
· You can tolerate substantial losses
· You already have a diversified core portfolio
· You do not require immediate access
· You understand periodic valuations
May be less suitable if
· You need capital security
· You might need the money soon
· You rely on predictable pricing
· You cannot tolerate large discounts or volatility
· You do not understand the fee structure
· It would form a large proportion of your wealth
Before investing in private equity
☐What access route am I using?
☐Can ordinary retail investors access it?
☐Is advice or investor classification required?
☐What strategy is used?
☐How many underlying companies/managers are there?
☐What is the geographic exposure?
☐How concentrated are the largest positions?
☐How often is NAV calculated?
☐Is the investment listed?
☐Does it trade at a discount or premium?
☐How can I exit?
☐Can withdrawals be gated?
☐What fees exist at vehicle level?
☐What underlying fund fees exist?
☐Is there a performance fee?
☐Is leverage used?
☐Are there unfunded commitments?
☐What holding period is appropriate?
☐Can I tolerate a significant loss?
☐When was the data last checked?
Common questions about private equity
Private equity generally means investing in companies that are not publicly traded, often through funds or other private-market vehicles. Managers may take an active ownership role. Investments are typically long term, illiquid and high risk.
Investors commit or subscribe capital. A manager selects private companies, seeks to create value over several years, then aims to exit through a sale, refinancing, secondary transaction or listing. Returns depend on realised outcomes after fees, costs and any financing.
Sometimes. Routes include traditional funds (often with high minimums and eligibility rules), listed private-equity vehicles, LTAFs, specialist platforms and intermittent private-share trading frameworks such as PISCES. Access varies and is not available to every retail investor.
Yes. Private equity is typically high risk. You could lose some or all of your investment. Illiquidity, valuation uncertainty, leverage, fees and exit risk can all increase the chance of loss.
Yes. Private companies can fail or decline substantially. Leverage and concentration can magnify losses.
Private companies are not continuously traded. Fund lock-ups, redemption limits and infrequent secondary markets can leave investors unable to exit when they want.
Traditional funds can run for many years. Retail-accessible products may allow periodic dealing, but that still does not make the underlying private assets liquid. Always check published holding periods and redemption terms.
In a traditional private-equity fund, a capital commitment is the total amount an investor agrees to make available. It may not all be invested immediately.
A capital call is when the manager requests part of the committed capital to fund investments, fees or other fund needs.
Uncalled capital is the remaining commitment that may be requested later. Retail-accessible products may instead require the full subscription amount upfront.
The J-curve describes how private-equity portfolios can show weaker or negative early returns because fees are incurred and investments have not yet been realised. A later recovery is not guaranteed.
Private companies usually lack continuous market prices. Valuations may use models, comparable companies, recent funding rounds and manager judgement. A reported NAV is an estimate, not a guaranteed sale price.
NAV (net asset value) is an estimated value of a fund’s assets minus liabilities. For private assets it is typically calculated periodically and may differ from the price you could realise in a sale.
Some funds value monthly, some quarterly and some semi-annually. Material events can trigger interim reviews. Valuation frequency does not guarantee accuracy.
Carried interest is a form of performance fee. The manager may receive a share of profits when specified conditions are met. Always read the published fee terms.
Typical layers can include management fees, performance fees or carried interest, underlying fund fees in fund-of-funds structures, transaction costs and administration costs. Compare total fee layers, not one headline charge.
Some strategies use debt when acquiring companies. Leverage can increase equity returns when investments perform well, but can also magnify losses if values fall.
A secondary involves buying or selling an existing private-equity fund interest or private-company stake rather than committing to a new primary investment. Valuation, liquidity and portfolio quality still matter.
Exits may include trade sales, secondary sales, IPOs, recapitalisations or continuation vehicles. No exit route or timetable is guaranteed.
A buyout strategy typically acquires established businesses, often taking controlling stakes, and may use acquisition leverage.
Growth equity provides capital to established private companies seeking expansion, usually without the same emphasis on controlling buyouts.
Private equity is a broad category that often focuses on more mature companies through buyout or growth strategies. Venture capital targets earlier-stage businesses with higher company-failure risk and more uncertain growth outcomes.
Private equity often uses professionally managed funds or institutional-style structures. Equity crowdfunding typically involves selecting individual private-company pitches, often with higher concentration risk.
Listed shares usually have continuous market pricing and higher liquidity. Private equity uses periodic estimated valuations, lower liquidity, longer horizons and often more complex fees.
A traditional private fund can be illiquid with capital calls and limited retail access. A listed private-equity trust trades on a stock exchange, but the underlying assets remain private and the share price can differ from NAV.
A Long-Term Asset Fund is an FCA-authorised fund structure designed for long-term, less-liquid assets such as private equity, private debt, infrastructure and real estate. Authorisation does not make those assets liquid or capital-protected.
PISCES provides a framework for intermittent trading events in participating private-company shares. It does not turn private companies into continuously traded public companies.
Do not assume private-equity investments can be held inside a Stocks & Shares ISA. Eligibility depends on the specific product and current ISA rules. Check provider terms and current guidance.
Where relevant, check the manager, fund or platform and its permissions on the FCA Register. FCA authorisation does not guarantee investment performance or liquidity.
Do not assume ordinary private-equity investment losses are covered by the FSCS simply because a regulated firm or fund is involved. Check the specific arrangement.
Listed private equity usually means buying shares in an investment trust or investment company that owns private companies or private-equity funds. The shares may trade daily, but the underlying private assets remain illiquid.
A listed closed-ended vehicle that invests in private companies and/or private-equity funds. Its share price can trade at a discount or premium to reported NAV.
A fund-of-funds or multi-manager vehicle holds interests in multiple underlying private-equity managers or funds rather than concentrating on a single manager programme.
A co-investment is a direct investment made alongside a private-equity fund into a specific company, often with different fee and concentration characteristics than the main fund.
Share prices reflect supply and demand. Sentiment, liquidity, gearing, currency moves and confidence in valuations can all cause the share price to sit below reported NAV. A discount can persist or widen.
Yes. Buying at a discount does not mean the discount must close. It can widen further.
It depends on the access route. Listed shares can usually be sold during market hours, but price may diverge from NAV. LTAFs and traditional funds may restrict, gate or delay redemptions. Never assume you can sell at the latest stated NAV.
Semi-liquid usually means periodic subscriptions or redemptions rather than daily dealing. Redemptions can still be deferred, gated or restricted under fund terms.
Yes. LTAFs are designed for long-term illiquid assets and may use notice periods, gates or other liquidity tools. Periodic dealing is not the same as guaranteed early exit.
Unfunded commitments are amounts an investor has agreed to provide that have not yet been drawn by the manager. They can create future funding obligations.
Our methodology
How we compare private-equity vehicles
Access route
Investor eligibility
Strategy
Diversification
Geography
Valuation frequency
Liquidity
Discount / premium to NAV
Fees
Leverage
Concentration
Source freshness
We do not default-sort by historic IRR or projected return. We do not assume a larger discount to NAV automatically means better value. Commercial relationships do not determine factual product information.
How we review private-equity vehicles
Last checked: 10 Aug 2026.
✓Access route and vehicle type checked
✓Investor eligibility notes checked
✓Strategy flags checked
✓Liquidity classification checked
✓NAV / discount shown only when data is sufficiently comparable